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1 make an assumption
przyjąć założenieEnglish-Polish dictionary for engineers > make an assumption
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2 make conservative assumption
przyjąć założenia bezpieczne w analizie skutków awariiEnglish-Polish dictionary for engineers > make conservative assumption
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3 although it is natural to make the assumption that the l (k) are bounded the case is different with m
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > although it is natural to make the assumption that the l (k) are bounded the case is different with m
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4 although it is natural to make the assumption that the l are bounded the case is different with m
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > although it is natural to make the assumption that the l are bounded the case is different with m
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5 assumption
1 ( supposition) supposition f ; ( belief) idée f ; Philos, Sci hypothèse f ; the assumption that l'idée selon laquelle ; on the assumption that dans l'idée que ; to work on the assumption that présumer que ; to make an assumption faire une supposition ; a false assumption Philos, Sci une mauvaise hypothèse ;2 (of duty, power) prise f (of de). -
6 assumption
сущ.1)а) общ. принятие на себя (ответственности, обязанности, риска, власти и т. д.)assumption of office — приход к власти, вступление в должность
On his assumption of office, he arrested several of the ministers in the former government. — Придя к власти, он арестовал несколько министров бывшего правительства.
1assumption of risk, risk assumption — принятие риска
See:б) фин., банк., юр. (принятие на себя ответственности по обязательствам другой стороны; напр., продавец ипотеки продолжает нести вторичную ответственность по ипотечному обязательству, если заимодавец не освободит его от ответственности)See:assumption of debt, assumption of mortgage, assumption agreement, assumption clause, assumption fee, purchase and assumption, non-assumption clause, assumed mortgage2) общ. присвоение, захват3) общ. предположение, допущение (в теории и т. п.); посылкаto make an assumption — сделать предположение, предположить что-л.
we proceed from the assumption that— мы исходим из того, что
See:
* * *
принятие ответственности по обязательствам другой стороны на основе особого соглашения (напр., условие ипотеки, по которому она может быть передана другому лицу); продавец ипотеки обычно продолжает нести вторичную ответственность.* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валюта----- -
7 assumption
noun (something assumed: On the assumption that we can produce four pages an hour, the work will be finished tomorrow.) supuestotr[ə'sʌmpʃən]1 (supposition) suposición nombre femenino2 (of power) asunción nombre femenino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLthe Assumption la Asunción nombre femeninoassumption [ə'sʌmpʃən] n: asunción f, presunción fn.• adopción s.f.• apropiación s.f.• asunción s.f.• hipótesis s.f.• suposición s.f.• supuesto s.m.ə'sʌmpʃən1) c ( supposition)the assumption was that... — se suponía que...
his reasoning is based on the assumption that... — su razonamiento se basa en el supuesto or la suposición de que...
she agreed on the assumption that... — accedió suponiendo que...
2) u (frml) (of duties, leadership, responsibility, right) asunción f[ǝ'sʌmpʃǝn]assumption of office — toma f de posesión del cargo
1. N1) (=supposition) suposición f, supuesto mon the assumption that — suponiendo que, poniendo por caso que
2) (=taking) [of power, responsibility] asunción f3)the Assumption — (Rel) la Asunción
2.CPDAssumption Day N — Día m de la Asunción
* * *[ə'sʌmpʃən]1) c ( supposition)the assumption was that... — se suponía que...
his reasoning is based on the assumption that... — su razonamiento se basa en el supuesto or la suposición de que...
she agreed on the assumption that... — accedió suponiendo que...
2) u (frml) (of duties, leadership, responsibility, right) asunción fassumption of office — toma f de posesión del cargo
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8 assumption
əˈsʌmpʃən сущ.
1) принятие на себя( обязанностей и т. п.), вступление (в должность) the assumption of a new position ≈ вступление в новую должность
2) принятие на себя долгов другого лица
3) предъявление прав;
захват (власти и т. п.) Syn: usurpation
4) притворство
5) высокомерие, надменность, заносчивость Syn: arrogance, pretension
6) предположение, допущение;
лог. посылка to make an assumption ≈ сделать предположение, предположить что-л. erroneous assumption, false assumption ≈ неверное предположение implicit assumption ≈ скрытое предположение reasonable assumption ≈ разумное предположение safeassumption, valid assumption ≈ верное предположение We all made the assumption that the new company would fail. ≈ Все мы предположили, что новая компания не выживет. We proceeded on the assumption that he would help. ≈ Мы исходили из предположения, что он поможет. Syn: supposition, postulate
7) церк. успение Assumption of the Virgin Mary ≈ Успение богородицы (праздник 15 августа)принятие на себя (ответственности, обязанности и т. п.) - * of risk принятие на себя риска - * of office( of the presidency) вступление в должность( на пост президента) - юр принятие на себя устного или письменного обязательства присвоение, захват - * of power захват власти притворство - * of friendliness напускное дружелюбие высокомерие, надменность;
самонадеянность предположение, допущение;
исходное положение - we proceed from the * that... мы исходим из того, что... - unwarrantable * ни на чем не основанное предположение (логика) исходная посылка силлогизма (религия) взятие живым на небо (А.) Успение (богородицы)actuarial ~ страховая предпосылка actuarial ~ страховое допущениеassumption вступление (в должность) ~ высокомерие ~ допущение ~ захват ~ исходное положение ~ предположение ~ принятие на себя (ответственности) ~ принятие на себя обязательства ~ принятие на себя ответственности по обязательствам другой стороны ~ присвоение, принятие на себя;
assumption of power присвоение власти ~ присвоение ~ притворство ~ церк. успение~ of control принятие на себя управления~ of debt принятие ответственности за долг~ of estate liability насл. принятие на себя имущественного долга ~ of estate liability насл. принятие на себя имущественного обязательства~ of loss принятие ответственности за убытки~ присвоение, принятие на себя;
assumption of power присвоение власти ~ of power принятие власти~ of risk страх. принятие на себя рискаclosed-world ~ необоснованное предположениеon ~ при допущенииtacit ~ неявное допущениеtentative ~ предварительное допущениеwrong ~ неверное предположениеБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > assumption
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9 assumption
[ə'sʌmpʃ(ə)n]сущ.1) принятие на себя ( обязанностей), вступление ( в должность)3) предъявление прав; захват ( полномочий)Syn:4) притворство5) высокомерие, надменность, заносчивостьSyn:6) предположение, допущениеerroneous / false assumption — ошибочное, неверное предположение
safe / valid assumption — верное предположение
to make an assumption — сделать предположение, предположить что-л.
We all made the assumption that the new company would fail. — Все мы предположили, что новая компания не выживет.
We proceeded on the assumption that he would help. — Мы исходили из предположения, что он поможет.
Syn:7) лог. посылка8) ( the Assumption) рел. Успение (Богородицы) (праздник; отмечается католической церковью 15 августа, православной - 28 августа) -
10 assumption
1) соображениеFrom our review of the document, there are a few key assumptions that we have made По результатам анализа документа у нас имеется ряд принципиальных соображений2) предположение; допущение; расчетbased on the assumption that1l of mixtures and solutions spreads over the area of 0.10 m2 исходя из расчета, что 1 л смесей и растворов разливается по площади 0,10 м23) make an assumption to брать на себя (в знач. позволить себе);A shall not make an assumption to... А не может брать на себя...English-Russian dictionary of scientific and technical difficulties vocabulary > assumption
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11 ♦ assumption
♦ assumption /əˈsʌmpʃn/n.1 assunto; presupposto; ipotesi; supposizione; presunzione: a wrong assumption, una supposizione errata; to start from the assumption that…, partire dal presupposto che…; on the assumption that, in base all'assunto che; supponendo che; to make assumptions, formulare supposizioni; partire da una serie di assunti2 [u] (filos.) assunzione3 [u] assunzione; accettazione: assumption of power, assunzione del potere; assumption of responsibilities, assunzione di responsabilità; the assumption of an obligation, l'accettazione di un obbligo5 [u] presunzione; supponenza; arroganza● (leg.) assumption of ownership, entrata in possesso ( di un bene) □ (ass.) assumption of risk, assunzione (o accettazione) del rischioFALSI AMICI: assumption non significa assunzione nel senso di nomina a un impiego. -
12 assumption
1) допущение
2) предположение
3) основание
4) довод
5) принятие
– assumption diagram
– assumption formula
– disguised assumption
– make assumption
be based on the assumption that — основываться на том допущении что
the absurdity of the assumption is obvious — абсурдность допущенного очевидна
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13 make
1) возмещать
2) восполнить
3) выплавлять
4) вырабатывать
5) конфекционировать
6) производить
7) уделать
8) уделывать
9) учинять
10) изготовлять
11) совершать
12) составлять
13) равняться
14) выявить
15) изделие
– make... vanish
– make a cut
– make a hypothesis
– make a turn
– make an entry
– make assumption
– make contact
– make difficult
– make ice in cans
– make lines
– make N O contact
– make off joint
– make ot order
– make out a receipt
– make out paperwork
– make pulse
– make sense
– make steel
– make substitution
– make thinner
– make to order
– make to standard
– make turbulent
– make up for loss
– make up the banks
– make up the charge
– make use of
– make vanish
– make weld
– to make sure
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14 make assumption
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > make assumption
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15 make assumption
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16 question
'kwes ən
1. noun1) (something which is said, written etc which asks for an answer from someone: The question is, do we really need a computer?) pregunta2) (a problem or matter for discussion: There is the question of how much to pay him.) cuestión, problema3) (a single problem in a test or examination: We had to answer four questions in three hours.) pregunta, problema4) (criticism; doubt; discussion: He is, without question, the best man for the job.) (sin) duda5) (a suggestion or possibility: There is no question of our dismissing him.) posibilidad
2. verb1) (to ask (a person) questions: I'll question him about what he was doing last night.) interrogar2) (to regard as doubtful: He questioned her right to use the money.) cuestionar, poner en duda•- questionably
- questionableness
- question mark
- question-master
- questionnaire
- in question
- out of the question
question1 n1. preguntacan I ask you a question? ¿puedo hacerte una pregunta?2. cuestión / problema / asuntoquestion2 vb1. hacer preguntas / interrogar2. dudar de / cuestionartr['kwesʧən]1 pregunta2 (in exam) pregunta, problema nombre masculino4 (topic, matter) cuestión nombre femenino, asunto1 hacer preguntas a, interrogar■ the detained are being questioned about the holdup están interrogando a los detenidos sobre el atraco2 (cast doubt on) cuestionar, poner en duda\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLit's a question of se trata de, es cuestión deout of the question imposible, impensablethat is the question de eso se trata, he aquí la dificultadto call into question poner en duda, dudar dewithout question sin rechistarquestion mark (punctuation mark) signo de interrogación, interrogación nombre femenino, interrogante nombre masculino 2 (doubt) interrogante nombre masculinoquestion tag coletillaquestion ['kwɛsʧən] vt1) ask: preguntar2) doubt: poner en duda, cuestionar3) interrogate: interrogarquestion viinquire: inquirir, preguntarquestion n1) query: pregunta f2) issue: asunto m, problema f, cuestión f3) possibility: posibilidad fit's out of the question: es indiscutible4) doubt: duda fto call into question: poner en dudaadj.• interrogante adj.n.• asunto s.m.• cuestión s.f.• interrogación s.f.• pregunta s.f.• problema s.m.v.• cuestionar v.• disputar v.• hacer preguntas a v.• interrogar v.• preguntar v.
I 'kwestʃəna) c ( inquiry) pregunta fto ask o put a question — hacer* or (frml) formular una pregunta
to pop the question — (colloq)
b) c (in quiz, exam) pregunta fthe 64,000 dollar question — la pregunta del millón
c) c (issue, problem) cuestión f, asunto m, problema mif it's a question of money... — si es cuestión or se trata de dinero...
to beg the question — ( pose the question) plantear la pregunta; ( evade the issue) eludir el problema; ( make unjustified assumption)
this begs the question whether we really want to live in this kind of society — esto da por sentado or tiene como premisa que éste es el tipo de sociedad en la que queremos vivir
d) u ( doubt) duda fto call something into question — poner* algo en duda
e) u ( possibility) posibilidad f
II
a) \<\<person\>\> hacerle* preguntas a; \<\<suspect/student\>\> interrogar*b) ( doubt) \<\<integrity/motives\>\> poner* en duda['kwestʃǝn]1. N(are there) any questions? — ¿(hay) alguna pregunta?
•
to ask (sb) a question — hacer una pregunta (a algn)what a question to ask! — ¡vaya preguntita!
there's a reward for the painting's return, no questions asked — se ofrece una recompensa sin preguntas por la devolución del cuadro
•
"why didn't you appoint him a year ago?" - " good question" — -¿por qué no lo nombraste hace un año? -buena pregunta or -eso me pregunto yo•
he posed three questions — hizo or planteó tres preguntas•
to put a question to sb — frm hacer una pregunta a algn•
to put down a question to or for sb — (Parl) formular una pregunta a algnleading 2., open 1., 10), personal 1., 4), pop I, 3., 2), trick 3.•
to obey orders without question — obedecer órdenes sin rechistar2) (=matter, issue) cuestión fthat is the question — de eso se trata, esa es la cuestión
that is not the question — no se trata de eso, no es cuestión de eso
•
at the time in question — a la hora en cuestión•
it is not simply a question of money — no se trata simplemente de dinero, no es una simple cuestión de dinero•
this raises the question of her suitability — esto plantea la cuestión de si es la persona adecuadabeg 1., 1)•
it's only a question of time before he finds out — solo es cuestión de tiempo que se entere3) (=possibility) posibilidad f•
there is no question of outside help — no hay posibilidad de ayuda externa•
it's out of the question! — ¡imposible!, ¡ni hablar!4) (=doubt) duda f•
as a manager, her ability is beyond question — como directora, su capacidad está fuera de toda dudamy integrity has been brought or called into question — mi integridad se ha puesto en duda
•
to be in question — estar en dudayour professional ability is not in question — no es tu capacidad como profesional lo que se pone en duda
his findings pose questions about the future of these drugs — sus descubrimientos hacen que se planteen preguntas sobre el futuro de estas drogas
•
this disaster raises questions about air safety in the region — con el desastre se ha puesto en duda la seguridad aérea en la zona•
the question remains (as to) whether he can be trusted — la duda or la cuestión sigue siendo si se puede confiar en élthe question remains: how did she escape? — la pregunta sigue ahí: ¿cómo escapó?
•
there is some question as to whether he will sign — hay or existen ciertas dudas sobre si firmará•
without question — sin duda, indudablemente2. VT1) (=interrogate) [+ exam candidate, interviewee] hacer preguntas a; [+ suspect] interrogar; (Parl) [+ minister, secretary] interpelarthey questioned him about his past — le hicieron preguntas or le preguntaron acerca de su pasado
the minister was questioned about his statement to Parliament — se interpeló al ministro sobre su declaración ante el Parlamento
2) (=doubt) [+ honesty, loyalty, motives] dudar de, poner en duda; [+ decision, beliefs] poner en duda, cuestionar3.CPDquestion mark N — (lit) signo m de interrogación; (fig) interrogante m or f
question master N — interrogador m
question tag N — coletilla f interrogativa
question time N — (Brit) (Parl) sesión f de interpelaciones a los ministros
* * *
I ['kwestʃən]a) c ( inquiry) pregunta fto ask o put a question — hacer* or (frml) formular una pregunta
to pop the question — (colloq)
b) c (in quiz, exam) pregunta fthe 64,000 dollar question — la pregunta del millón
c) c (issue, problem) cuestión f, asunto m, problema mif it's a question of money... — si es cuestión or se trata de dinero...
to beg the question — ( pose the question) plantear la pregunta; ( evade the issue) eludir el problema; ( make unjustified assumption)
this begs the question whether we really want to live in this kind of society — esto da por sentado or tiene como premisa que éste es el tipo de sociedad en la que queremos vivir
d) u ( doubt) duda fto call something into question — poner* algo en duda
e) u ( possibility) posibilidad f
II
a) \<\<person\>\> hacerle* preguntas a; \<\<suspect/student\>\> interrogar*b) ( doubt) \<\<integrity/motives\>\> poner* en duda -
17 bark up the wrong tree
make a false assumption or wrong choice напасть на ложный следThe detective was sure he got a suspect, but he was barking up the wrong tree.
English-Russian mini useful dictionary > bark up the wrong tree
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18 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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19 work
wə:k
1. noun1) (effort made in order to achieve or make something: He has done a lot of work on this project) trabajo2) (employment: I cannot find work in this town.) trabajo3) (a task or tasks; the thing that one is working on: Please clear your work off the table.) trabajo4) (a painting, book, piece of music etc: the works of Van Gogh / Shakespeare/Mozart; This work was composed in 1816.) obra5) (the product or result of a person's labours: His work has shown a great improvement lately.) trabajo6) (one's place of employment: He left (his) work at 5.30 p.m.; I don't think I'll go to work tomorrow.) trabajo
2. verb1) (to (cause to) make efforts in order to achieve or make something: She works at the factory three days a week; He works his employees very hard; I've been working on/at a new project.) trabajar2) (to be employed: Are you working just now?) trabajar, tener empleo3) (to (cause to) operate (in the correct way): He has no idea how that machine works / how to work that machine; That machine doesn't/won't work, but this one's working.) funcionar4) (to be practicable and/or successful: If my scheme works, we'll be rich!) funcionar, dar resultados5) (to make (one's way) slowly and carefully with effort or difficulty: She worked her way up the rock face.) progresar, desarrollar6) (to get into, or put into, a stated condition or position, slowly and gradually: The wheel worked loose.) volverse7) (to make by craftsmanship: The ornaments had been worked in gold.) trabajar, fabricar•- - work- workable
- worker
- works
3. noun plural1) (the mechanism (of a watch, clock etc): The works are all rusted.)2) (deeds, actions etc: She's devoted her life to good works.) mecanismo•- work-box
- workbook
- workforce
- working class
- working day
- work-day
- working hours
- working-party
- work-party
- working week
- workman
- workmanlike
- workmanship
- workmate
- workout
- workshop
- at work
- get/set to work
- go to work on
- have one's work cut out
- in working order
- out of work
- work of art
- work off
- work out
- work up
- work up to
- work wonders
work1 n1. trabajo2. obrain work con trabajo / que tiene trabajoout of work sin trabajo / paradoto get to work / to set to work ponerse a trabajarwork2 vb1. trabajar2. funcionarhow do you work this machine? ¿cómo funciona esta máquina?tr[wɜːk]1 (gen) trabajohe put a lot of hard work into that project trabajó mucho en ese proyecto, puso mucho esfuerzo en ese proyecto2 (employment) empleo, trabajowhat sort of work do you do? ¿qué clase de trabajo haces?, ¿a qué te dedicas?what time do you leave work? ¿a qué hora sales del trabajo?3 (building work, roadworks) obras nombre femenino plural4 (product, results) trabajo, obra5 (literary etc) obra1 (person) hacer trabajar2 (machine) manejar; (mechanism) accionardo you know how to work the video? ¿sabes cómo hacer funcionar el vídeo?3 (mine, oil well) explotar; (land, fields) trabajar, cultivar4 (produce) hacer5 (wood, metal, clay) trabajar; (dough) amasar6 (make by work or effort) trabajar1 (gen) trabajarshe works hard at her homework trabaja mucho en sus deberes, pone mucho esfuerzo en sus deberes2 (machine, system) funcionarhow does this machine work? ¿cómo funciona esta máquina?3 (medicine, cleaner) surtir efecto, tener efecto; (plan) tener éxito, salir bien, funcionar, resultar4 (move)1 familiar (everything) todo, todo el tinglado\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLit's all in a/the day's work todo forma parte del trabajo, es el pan nuestro de cada díaall work and no play makes Jack a dull boy hay que divertirse de vez en cuandoit works both ways es una arma de doble filokeep up the good work! ¡que siga así!the forces at work los elementos en juegoto be in work tener trabajo, tener un empleoto be out of work estar en el paro, estar sin trabajo, estar parado,-ato get down/set to work ponerse a trabajar, poner manos a la obrato get worked up exaltarse, excitarse, ponerse nervioso,-ato give somebody the (full) works tratar a alguien a lo grandeto have one's work cut out to do something costarle a uno mucho trabajo hacer algoto make light/short work of something despachar algo deprisato work like a Trojan trabajar como un negroto work loose soltarse, aflojarseto work one's fingers to the bone dejarse los codos trabajandoto work oneself to death matarse trabajandoto work to rule hacer huelga de celopublic works obras nombre femenino plural públicaswork basket costurero, cesto de laborwork camp campamento de trabajowork experience experiencia laboralwork of art obra de artework permit permiso de trabajowork station SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL estación nombre femenino de trabajo, terminal nombre masculino de trabajowork surface encimera1) operate: trabajar, operarto work a machine: operar una máquina2) : lograr, conseguir (algo) con esfuerzoto work one's way up: lograr subir por sus propios esfuerzos3) effect: efectuar, llevar a cabo, obrar (milagros)4) make, shape: elaborar, fabricar, formara beautifully wrought vase: un florero bellamente elaborado5)to work up : estimular, excitardon't get worked up: no te agiteswork vi1) labor: trabajarto work full-time: trabajar a tiempo completo2) function: funcionar, servirwork adj: laboralwork n1) labor: trabajo m, labor f2) employment: trabajo m, empleo m3) task: tarea f, faena f4) deed: obra f, labor fworks of charity: obras de caridad5) : obra f (de arte o literatura)6) workmanship7) works nplfactory: fábrica f8) works nplmechanism: mecanismo mv.• andar v.• elaborar v.• funcionar v.• hacer funcionar v.• hacer trabajar v.• laborear v.• labrar v.• marchar v.• obrar v.• trabajar v.adj.• laborable adj.n.• chamba s.f.• fábrica s.f.• labor s.f.• mecanismo s.m.• obra s.f.• sobrehueso s.m.• trabajar s.m.• trabajo s.m.wɜːrk, wɜːk
I
1) u (labor, tasks) trabajo mthe house needs a lot of work done o (BrE) doing to it — la casa necesita muchos arreglos
she put a lot of work into it — puso mucho esfuerzo or empeño en ello
to set to work — ponerse* a trabajar, poner* manos a la obra
keep up the good work — sigue (or sigan etc) así!
it's all in a day's work — es el pan nuestro de cada día
to have one's work cut out: she's going to have her work cut out to get the job done in time le va a costar terminar el trabajo a tiempo; to make short work of something: Pete made short work of the ironing Pete planchó todo rapidísimo; you made short work of that pizza! te has despachado pronto la pizza!; all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy — hay que dejar tiempo para el esparcimiento
2) u ( employment) trabajo mto look for/find work — buscar*/encontrar* trabajo
to go to work — ir* a trabajar or al trabajo
they both go out to work — (BrE) los dos trabajan (afuera)
I start/finish work at seven — entro a trabajar or al trabajo/salgo del trabajo a las siete
3) (in phrases)at work: he's at work está en el trabajo, está en la oficina (or la fábrica etc); they were hard at work estaban muy ocupados trabajando; other forces were at work intervenían otros factores, había otros factores en juego; men at work obras, hombres trabajando; in work (BrE): those in work quienes tienen trabajo; off work: she was off work for a month after the accident después del accidente estuvo un mes sin trabajar; he took a day off work se tomó un día libre; out of work: the closures will put 1,200 people out of work los cierres dejarán en la calle a 1.200 personas; to be out of work estar* sin trabajo or desocupado or desempleado or (Chi tb) cesante, estar* parado or en el paro (Esp); (before n) out-of-work — desocupado, desempleado, parado (Esp), cesante (Chi)
4)a) c (product, single item) obra fb) u ( output) trabajo mit was the work of a professional — era obra de un profesional; see also works
II
1.
1) \<\<person\>\> trabajarto get working — ponerse* a trabajar, poner* manos a la obra
to work hard — trabajar mucho or duro
to work AT something: you have to work at your service tiene que practicar el servicio; a relationship is something you have to work at una relación de pareja requiere cierto esfuerzo; she was working away at her accounts estaba ocupada con su contabilidad; to work FOR somebody trabajar para alguien; to work for oneself trabajar por cuenta propia; to work FOR something: fame didn't just come to me: I had to work for it la fama no me llegó del cielo, tuve que trabajar para conseguirla; he's working for his finals está estudiando or está preparándose para los exámenes finales; to work IN something: to work in marble trabajar el mármol or con mármol; to work in oils pintar al óleo, trabajar con óleos; to work ON something: he's working on his car está arreglando el coche; scientists are working on a cure los científicos están intentando encontrar una cura; she hasn't been fired yet, but she's working on it (hum) todavía no la han echado, pero parece empeñada en que lo hagan; we're working on the assumption that... partimos del supuesto de que...; the police had very little to work on la policía tenía muy pocas pistas; to work UNDER somebody — trabajar bajo la dirección de alguien
2)a) (operate, function) \<\<machine/system\>\> funcionar; \<\<drug/person\>\> actuar*to work against/in favor of somebody/something — obrar en contra/a favor de alguien/algo
it works both ways: you have to make an effort too, you know: it works both ways — tú también tienes que hacer el esfuerzo, ¿sabes? funciona igual or (esp AmL) parejo para los dos
b) ( have required effect) \<\<drug/plan/method\>\> surtir efectotry it, it might work — pruébalo, quizás resulte
these colors just don't work together — estos colores no pegan or no combinan
3) (slip, travel) (+ adv compl)his socks had worked down to his ankles — se le habían caído los calcetines; see also free I 1) c), loose I 1) b)
2.
vt1)a) ( force to work) hacer* trabajarb) ( exploit) \<\<land/soil\>\> trabajar, labrar; \<\<mine\>\> explotarc) \<\<nightclubs/casinos\>\> trabajar end) ( pay for by working)2) ( cause to operate)do you know how to work the machine? — ¿sabes manejar la máquina?
3)a) (move gradually, manipulate) (+ adv compl)to work one's way: we worked our way toward the exit nos abrimos camino hacia la salida; I worked my way through volume three logré terminar el tercer volumen; she worked her way to the top of her profession — trabajó hasta llegar a la cima de su profesión
b) (shape, fashion) \<\<clay/metal\>\> trabajar; \<\<dough\>\> sobar, amasar4)a) (past & past p worked or wrought) ( bring about) \<\<miracle\>\> hacer*; see also wrought Ib) (manage, arrange) (colloq) arreglarshe worked it so that I didn't have to pay — se las arregló or se las ingenió para que yo no tuviera que pagar
•Phrasal Verbs:- work off- work out- work up[wɜːk]1. N1) (=activity) trabajo m; (=effort) esfuerzo m•
to be at work on sth — estar trabajando sobre algo•
work has begun on the new dam — se han comenzado las obras del nuevo embalse•
it's all in a day's work — es pan de cada día•
to do one's work — hacer su trabajo•
to get some work done — hacer algo (de trabajo)•
to get on with one's work — seguir trabajando•
it's hard work — es mucho trabajo, cuesta (trabajo)•
a piece of work — un trabajo•
she's put a lot of work into it — le ha puesto grandes esfuerzos•
to make quick work of sth/sb — despachar algo/a algn con rapidez•
to set to work — ponerse a trabajar•
to make short work of sth/sb — despachar algo/a algn con rapidez•
to start work — ponerse a trabajarnasty 1., 4)to have one's work cut out —
2) (=employment, place of employment) trabajo m"work wanted" — (US) "demandas de empleo"
•
to be at work — estar trabajandoaccidents at work — accidentes mpl laborales
•
to go to work — ir a trabajar•
to be in work — tener trabajo•
she's looking for work — está buscando trabajo•
it's nice work if you can get it — es muy agradable para los que tienen esa suerte•
I'm off work for a week — tengo una semana de permiso•
to be out of work — estar desempleado or parado or en paro•
to put sb out of work — dejar a algn sin trabajo•
on her way to work — camino del trabajo3) (=product, deed) obra f; (=efforts) trabajothis is the work of a professional/madman — esto es trabajo de un profesional/loco
what do you think of his work? — ¿qué te parece su trabajo?
•
his life's work — el trabajo al que ha dedicado su vida4) (Art, Literat etc) obra f•
a literary work — una obra literaria5) works [of machine, clock etc] mecanismo msing- bung or gum up the worksspannerMinistry of Works — Ministerio m de Obras Públicas
2. VI1) (gen) trabajar; (=be in a job) tener trabajo•
he is working at his German — está dándole al alemán•
she works in a bakery — trabaja en una panaderíahe works in education/publishing — trabaja en la enseñanza/el campo editorial
he prefers to work in wood/oils — prefiere trabajar la madera/con óleos
•
to work to rule — (Ind) estar en huelga de celo•
to work towards sth — trabajar or realizar esfuerzos para conseguir algo- work like a slave or Trojan etc2) (=function) [machine, car] funcionarmy brain doesn't seem to be working today — hum mi cerebro no funciona hoy como es debido
•
it may work against us — podría sernos desfavorable•
this can work both ways — esto puede ser un arma de doble filo•
to get sth working — hacer funcionar algo•
it works off the mains — funciona con la electricidad de la red3) (=be effective) [plan] salir, marchar; [drug, medicine, spell] surtir efecto, ser eficaz; [yeast] fermentarhow long does it take to work? — ¿cuánto tiempo hace falta para que empiece a surtir efecto?
the scheme won't work — el proyecto no es práctico, esto no será factible
it won't work, I tell you! — ¡te digo que no se puede (hacer)!
4) [mouth, face, jaws] moverse, torcerse5) (=move gradually)•
to work round to a question — preparar el terreno para preguntar algowhat are you working round to? — ¿adónde va a parar todo esto?, ¿qué propósito tiene todo esto?
3. VT1) (=make work) hacer trabajarto work o.s. to death — matarse trabajando
2) (=operate)can you work it? — ¿sabes manejarlo?
3) (=achieve) [+ change] producir, motivar; [+ cure] hacer, efectuar; [+ miracle] hacerwonder 1., 2)4) (Sew) coser; (Knitting) [+ row] hacer5) (=shape) [+ dough, clay] trabajar; [+ stone, marble] tallar, grabarworked flint — piedra f tallada
6) (=exploit) [+ mine] explotar; [+ land] cultivar7) (=manoeuvre)•
to work o.s. into a rage — ponerse furioso, enfurecerse•
to work one's way along — ir avanzando poco a pocoto work one's way up a cliff — escalar poco a poco or a duras penas un precipicio
to work one's way up to the top of a company — llegar a la dirección de una compañía por sus propios esfuerzos
8) (=finance)•
to work one's passage on a ship — costearse un viaje trabajando•
to work one's way through college — costearse los estudios universitarios trabajando4.CPDwork camp N — campamento m laboral
work ethic N — ética f del trabajo
work experience N — experiencia f laboral
work force N — (=labourers) mano f de obra; (=personnel) plantilla f
work in progress N — trabajo m en proceso
work permit N — permiso m de trabajo
work prospects NPL — [of student] perspectivas fpl de trabajo
work study N — práctica f estudiantil
work surface N — = worktop
work therapy N — laborterapia f, terapia f laboral
work week N — (US) semana f laboral
- work in- work off- work on- work out- work up* * *[wɜːrk, wɜːk]
I
1) u (labor, tasks) trabajo mthe house needs a lot of work done o (BrE) doing to it — la casa necesita muchos arreglos
she put a lot of work into it — puso mucho esfuerzo or empeño en ello
to set to work — ponerse* a trabajar, poner* manos a la obra
keep up the good work — sigue (or sigan etc) así!
it's all in a day's work — es el pan nuestro de cada día
to have one's work cut out: she's going to have her work cut out to get the job done in time le va a costar terminar el trabajo a tiempo; to make short work of something: Pete made short work of the ironing Pete planchó todo rapidísimo; you made short work of that pizza! te has despachado pronto la pizza!; all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy — hay que dejar tiempo para el esparcimiento
2) u ( employment) trabajo mto look for/find work — buscar*/encontrar* trabajo
to go to work — ir* a trabajar or al trabajo
they both go out to work — (BrE) los dos trabajan (afuera)
I start/finish work at seven — entro a trabajar or al trabajo/salgo del trabajo a las siete
3) (in phrases)at work: he's at work está en el trabajo, está en la oficina (or la fábrica etc); they were hard at work estaban muy ocupados trabajando; other forces were at work intervenían otros factores, había otros factores en juego; men at work obras, hombres trabajando; in work (BrE): those in work quienes tienen trabajo; off work: she was off work for a month after the accident después del accidente estuvo un mes sin trabajar; he took a day off work se tomó un día libre; out of work: the closures will put 1,200 people out of work los cierres dejarán en la calle a 1.200 personas; to be out of work estar* sin trabajo or desocupado or desempleado or (Chi tb) cesante, estar* parado or en el paro (Esp); (before n) out-of-work — desocupado, desempleado, parado (Esp), cesante (Chi)
4)a) c (product, single item) obra fb) u ( output) trabajo mit was the work of a professional — era obra de un profesional; see also works
II
1.
1) \<\<person\>\> trabajarto get working — ponerse* a trabajar, poner* manos a la obra
to work hard — trabajar mucho or duro
to work AT something: you have to work at your service tiene que practicar el servicio; a relationship is something you have to work at una relación de pareja requiere cierto esfuerzo; she was working away at her accounts estaba ocupada con su contabilidad; to work FOR somebody trabajar para alguien; to work for oneself trabajar por cuenta propia; to work FOR something: fame didn't just come to me: I had to work for it la fama no me llegó del cielo, tuve que trabajar para conseguirla; he's working for his finals está estudiando or está preparándose para los exámenes finales; to work IN something: to work in marble trabajar el mármol or con mármol; to work in oils pintar al óleo, trabajar con óleos; to work ON something: he's working on his car está arreglando el coche; scientists are working on a cure los científicos están intentando encontrar una cura; she hasn't been fired yet, but she's working on it (hum) todavía no la han echado, pero parece empeñada en que lo hagan; we're working on the assumption that... partimos del supuesto de que...; the police had very little to work on la policía tenía muy pocas pistas; to work UNDER somebody — trabajar bajo la dirección de alguien
2)a) (operate, function) \<\<machine/system\>\> funcionar; \<\<drug/person\>\> actuar*to work against/in favor of somebody/something — obrar en contra/a favor de alguien/algo
it works both ways: you have to make an effort too, you know: it works both ways — tú también tienes que hacer el esfuerzo, ¿sabes? funciona igual or (esp AmL) parejo para los dos
b) ( have required effect) \<\<drug/plan/method\>\> surtir efectotry it, it might work — pruébalo, quizás resulte
these colors just don't work together — estos colores no pegan or no combinan
3) (slip, travel) (+ adv compl)his socks had worked down to his ankles — se le habían caído los calcetines; see also free I 1) c), loose I 1) b)
2.
vt1)a) ( force to work) hacer* trabajarb) ( exploit) \<\<land/soil\>\> trabajar, labrar; \<\<mine\>\> explotarc) \<\<nightclubs/casinos\>\> trabajar end) ( pay for by working)2) ( cause to operate)do you know how to work the machine? — ¿sabes manejar la máquina?
3)a) (move gradually, manipulate) (+ adv compl)to work one's way: we worked our way toward the exit nos abrimos camino hacia la salida; I worked my way through volume three logré terminar el tercer volumen; she worked her way to the top of her profession — trabajó hasta llegar a la cima de su profesión
b) (shape, fashion) \<\<clay/metal\>\> trabajar; \<\<dough\>\> sobar, amasar4)a) (past & past p worked or wrought) ( bring about) \<\<miracle\>\> hacer*; see also wrought Ib) (manage, arrange) (colloq) arreglarshe worked it so that I didn't have to pay — se las arregló or se las ingenió para que yo no tuviera que pagar
•Phrasal Verbs:- work off- work out- work up -
20 guess
1. transitive verbguess what! — (coll.) stell dir vor!
you'd never guess that... — man würde nie vermuten, dass...
2) (esp. Amer.): (suppose)I guess — ich glaube; ich schätze (ugs.)
2. intransitive verbI guess so/not — ich glaube schon od. ja/nicht od. kaum
guess at something — etwas schätzen; (surmise) über etwas (Akk.) Vermutungen anstellen
I'm just guessing — das ist nur eine Schätzung/eine Vermutung
you've guessed right/wrong — deine Vermutung ist richtig/falsch
keep somebody guessing — (coll.) jemanden im unklaren od. ungewissen lassen
3. nounyou'll never guess! — darauf kommst du nie!
Schätzung, diemake or have a guess — schätzen
have a guess! — rate od. schätz mal!
my guess is [that]... — ich schätze, dass...
I'll give you three guesses — (coll.) dreimal darfst du raten (ugs.)
* * *[ɡes] 1. verb1) (to say what is likely to be the case: I'm trying to guess the height of this building; If you don't know the answer, just guess.) (er)raten2) ((especially American) to suppose: I guess I'll have to leave now.) denken2. noun(an opinion, answer etc got by guessing: My guess is that he's not coming.) die Vermutung- academic.ru/32793/guesswork">guesswork- anybody's guess* * *[ges]I. n<pl -es>you've got three \guesses dreimal darfst du ratena lucky \guess ein Glückstreffer [o Zufallstreffer] mto make a wild \guess einfach [wild] drauflosraten [o [ins Blaue hinein] tippen] famat a \guess grob geschätzt, schätzungsweise▪ sb's \guess is that... jd vermutet [o nimmt an], dass...your \guess is as good as mine da kann ich auch nur ratenII. vi1. (conjecture) [er]ratenhow did you \guess? wie bist du darauf gekommen?to \guess right/wrong richtig/falsch ratento keep sb \guessing jdn auf die Folter spannenI \guess you're right du wirst wohl Recht habenI \guess I'd better go now ich werde jetzt wohl besser gehenIII. vt▪ to \guess sth etw ratenhe \guessed her age to be 48 er schätzte sie auf 48\guess what? stell dir vor!, rate mal!to keep sb \guessing jdn im Ungewissen [o Unklaren] lassen▪ to \guess that... vermuten, dass...I bet you can't \guess how old she is ich wette, du kommst nicht darauf, wie alt sie ist\guess where I'm calling from rate mal, woher ich anrufe* * *[ges]1. nVermutung f, Annahme f; (= estimate) Schätzung fto have or make a guess (at sth) — (etw) raten
his guess was nearly right — er hat es fast erraten/hat es gut geschätzt
it's a good guess — gut geraten or geschätzt or getippt
it was just a lucky guess — das war nur gut geraten, das war ein Zufallstreffer m
50 people, at a guess — schätzungsweise 50 Leute
at a rough guess — grob geschätzt, über den Daumen gepeilt (inf)
my guess is that... — ich tippe darauf (inf) or schätze or vermute, dass...
your guess is as good as mine! (inf) — da kann ich auch nur raten!
2. vi1) (= surmise) ratenhow did you guess? — wie hast du das bloß erraten?; (iro) du merkst auch alles!
he's only guessing when he says they'll come — das ist eine reine Vermutung von ihm, dass sie kommen
2) (esp US= suppose)
I guess not — wohl nichthe's right, I guess — er hat wohl recht
I think he's right – I guess so — ich glaube, er hat recht – ja, das hat er wohl
that's all, I guess — das ist wohl alles, (ich) schätze, das ist alles (inf)
3. vt1) (= surmise) raten; (= surmise correctly) erraten; (= estimate) weight, numbers, amount schätzento guess sb to be 20 years old/sth to be 10 lbs —
I guessed (that) she was about 40 — ich schätzte sie auf etwa 40
you'll never guess who/what... — das errätst du nie, wer/was...
guess who! (inf) — rat mal, wer!
guess what! (inf) — stell dir vor! (inf), denk nur! (inf)
2) (esp US= suppose)
I guess we'll just have to wait and see — wir werden wohl abwarten müssen, ich schätze, wir werden abwarten müssen* * *guess [ɡes]A v/t1. (ab)schätzen:guess sb’s age at 40, guess sb to be ( oder that they are) 40 jemandes Alter oder jemanden auf 40 schätzen2. jemandes Gedanken etc erraten:guess a riddle ein Rätsel raten;guess who was here this morning rate mal, wer heute Morgen hier war3. ahnen, vermuten:I guessed how it would be ich habe mir gedacht, wie es kommen würde;I might have guessed it ich hätte es mir denken könnenthat dass)B v/i1. schätzen ( at sth etwas)2. a) ratenb) herumraten (at, about an dat):guessed wrong falsch geraten;how did you guess? wie hast du das nur erraten?, iron du merkst aber auch alles!;keep sb guessing jemanden im Unklaren oder Ungewissen lassen;guessing game Ratespiel nC s Schätzung f, Vermutung f, Mutmaßung f, Annahme f:my guess is that … ich schätze oder vermute, dass …;that’s anybody’s guess das ist reine Vermutung, das kann man nur vermuten;a) bei bloßer Schätzung,b) schätzungsweise;I’ll give you three guesses dreimal darfst du raten;a good guess gut geraten oder geschätzt;your guess is as good as mine ich kann auch nur raten;by guess schätzungsweise;a) über den Daumen (gepeilt), nach Gefühl und Wellenschlag (beide umg),b) mit mehr Glück als Verstand;make a guess raten, schätzen;* * *1. transitive verbcan you guess his weight? — schätz mal, wieviel er wiegt
guess what! — (coll.) stell dir vor!
you'd never guess that... — man würde nie vermuten, dass...
2) (esp. Amer.): (suppose)I guess — ich glaube; ich schätze (ugs.)
2. intransitive verbI guess so/not — ich glaube schon od. ja/nicht od. kaum
guess at something — etwas schätzen; (surmise) über etwas (Akk.) Vermutungen anstellen
I'm just guessing — das ist nur eine Schätzung/eine Vermutung
you've guessed right/wrong — deine Vermutung ist richtig/falsch
3. nounkeep somebody guessing — (coll.) jemanden im unklaren od. ungewissen lassen
Schätzung, diemake or have a guess — schätzen
have a guess! — rate od. schätz mal!
my guess is [that]... — ich schätze, dass...
I'll give you three guesses — (coll.) dreimal darfst du raten (ugs.)
* * *n.(§ pl.: guesses)= Mutmaßung f.Schätzung f.Vermutung f. v.erraten v.meinen v.raten v.(§ p.,pp.: riet, geraten)schätzen v.vermuten v.
См. также в других словарях:
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